However, E4 was the best tolerated estrogen and promoted cell cycle of human Hematopoietic Progenitors. We found that both E2 and E4 expand human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Additionally, these natural estrogens cause different effects on human Progenitors in vitro. Our results show that human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell subsets express estrogen receptors, and whose signaling is activated by E2 and E4 on these cells. As recent evidences indicate that estrogens are involved in regulating the hematopoiesis, we sought to examine whether natural estrogens (estrone or E1, estradiol or E2, estriol or E3 and estetrol or E4) modulate human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Transplantation efficacy can be limited by inadequate Hematopoietic Stem Cells number, poor homing, low level of engraftment, or limited self-renewal. However, this balance is altered during the hematopoietic recovery after Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Transplantation. These Stem Cells are highly regulated to maintain homeostasis through a delicate balance between quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation. Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells are crucial in the maintenance of lifelong production of all blood cells.
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